We stuided in the second class:


1.1.4.Software ergonomics

The software ergonomics deals with the adjustment of Benutzerschittstelle to the people and its peculiarities in receiving and processing information and knowledge.Software ergonomics is a science in which evidence from psychology, industrial science and the science together led, in order to systematically design goals for tasks appropriate and user-human-computer systems to work.
Three design fields are in the framework of software ergonomics important: the labor system, the dialog behavior and the input / output behavior of computer systems.They determine the user interface for the user than the visible part of an interactive system.

1.1.5 Interaction Techniques

Over time, a number of techniques have emerged Interaction.Their use is primarily dependent on the hardware, software and usage of the situation.
The interaction of the user with the computer is dialogue, there is a mutual exchange of information between the two plays.A specific change has been exacerbated by the personal computer and the capacity of the systems multitasking allowing the user can simultaneously carry a wide variety of actions.Regarding a dialogue with the old thread interplay of dialogue.

1.1.5.1. Command Language

A command language is a formal language for the formulation of orders to the computer. For each contract will require information such operation, in text form.Missing information will be supplemented by standard values, which are fixed or current condition to be removed.

-Major design issues for command languages are:
a)The application design vocabulary
b)The design of abbreviations based on uniform and simple rules
c)The single syntactic structure of commands
d)The comprehensive description of the linguistic expression of possibilities

-Advantages:
a)They require no special input devices, which are usually available keyboard
b)They allow the easy recording of past
c)The experienced user can very quickly and efficiently work
d)There are powerful commands feasible

-disadvantages
a)High learning, especially for novice and occasional users. It is a use without knowledge of the syntax is not possible.
b)The input is error-prone because commands and parameters need to be reminded
c)Because of the impact area commands of the entire state of the interactive system, it is difficult, the effects of a commando directly control

1.1.5.2. Menu

Through menus, the selection of actions defined in scope.The user chooses from a list of the desired command, which is executed by the computer.If parameters or settings are needed for entering a corresponding further dialogue open.Different types of menus are: permanent fully or partially visible menus and menus displayed on request.For the usability of the menus is their structuring important, it can be a menu item in turn is a sub-menu.This structure can be used in the width and depth.

-Advantages
a)Easy to learn, since commands recognized, and not have to be reminded.
b)Low error rate, since in principle for a command no errors are possible.

-Disadvantages
a)For experienced users is cumbersome to operate and lasts long
b)The menus are superimposed Anwedungsinformationen




1.1.5.4.Direct manipulation.


This dialog is based on the style exist an instrument show how z.b. The Maus.Der dialog is similar to natural negotiations, it is an object and then select the desired possible negotiations on this subject.


Advantages:

-Low-lernauf wand, as the use in many cases intuitively possible.

- Through the use of known metaphors is a faster erlernbarkeit by the tying of new and old know promoted.

-He is a fast efficient use of the systems is reached, which even for experts in the cases is sufficient.

-Promotion of exploratory learning, it is the users fear a possible use, which his competence-and kontroll awareness increased.



Disadvantages:

- Inexperienced users need only show the use of the instrument to learn.

- Inadequate analogien between the routine and know the realization comes to metaphor breaks.

- Through the use intuitive ability is the acquisition of specific knowledge, in many cases prevented.




Graphical interface benut.

Graphical interface benut Often in a breath with the direct manipulation Grande, but usually in a mixture of rankig interaktions techniques.








1.1.5.5.1. leitideen.

The leitideen for graphical benut zero over surfaces.

Users control .
visuella show and also kontroll possibility of automatic transactions, feeling of control.


Feedback.

Echo or any reaction to provide input,
- Pointer changes form
-Object-changing look.
-Menu entry is pale, if not selectable.
-Sattus-row shows progress by the bar or length files.
-Over-view window shows chrittan forts.
- Window event.

Directness.

Visualles equivalent of the data and functions to show.
Use of logic metephern
Examples: desk with benches, entr skorb, bin, mappen.
Advantages: user has information about sinn and function of the object.

Consistency.

Similar situations
Out-of selectable menu also show.
Data secure document print: always file from choice or always without.

Simplicity.

Short messages and commands.

Aesthetics.

A conflict vitlab.m, vs. functionality. Beauty.


Benutzeroberflächen graphical elements.

Fenster.

The screen can be divided into several excerpts, which refers to as a window warden .Fenster are rectangular and graphically by seuten pointers begrenzt .Fenster allow control of multiple, overlapping one another kepekchirmausschinitte, which work directly excerpts users can be assigned.


The following operations window systems should be made available:
- Create.
- Delete.
- Open: opens a window in a reduced representation, such as pictograms or bar graph.
- Close: 1 Fenstre reduced to a pictogram or Blaken.
- Move: Allowed moving (pulling) of a window on the screen without the size of the window to change.
- Resize: dirce a size variation of the window.
- Full Size: The maximum allowed immediately extend a window.
- Small Size: a window directly reduced to its minimum size.
- Scroll: lets the window vertically or horizontally happen ...
- Define: allows the definition of a window.
- Bring-to-front: takes the selected window in the foreground image (for overlapping windows).
- Sent-to-back: moves the selected window in the background (with overlapping windows).
- Menu bar: often at the top level windows
- Pull-down menu is visible, unless or until mouse is pressed for example On menu bar anchored. It opens to the bottom, when you move the mouse pointer over the menu title runs.
- Drop-down menu appears, without that mouse button, the cursor will only object moving.
- Context menus: A pop-up can only be in the places in an application to be opened where it makes sense. It can be special tools or a command selection, which in this section of the software can be used and can be anywhere on the screen.

Symbols (icons)

Graphic symbols, the use of computers, instruments, but also with graphical display. The SYmbole represent different objects, such as documents, windows, actions, ...

Icons are used for the representation of:
Components
Processes
Expiration end processes with the possibility of interference

Buttons

Command button to play an important role in the interaction between humans and computers. Command buttons are available as Cancel, OK or command button available.
Check boxes are a way to select any one or more options to realize.
Option buttons can always just one of several

Dialogboxen

TextBox: It serves to enter alphanumeric data on the keyboard or the clipboard to a program. Input fields can occur in several variants: Single line or multiline, scrollbars can optionally be displayed, the maximum length of text can be set.
Listbox is used to give the user the ability to give out a list oedr several items.

Leisten (Bars)

Toolbar is composed of one or several buttons, for example, performed to edit files such as Save, Open.
StatusBar is used to provide information about the status of an application.
Progressbar is used to inform the user about the progress of a process to inform.
Register consists of one or more flaps, which always can be selected.
Slider will find their application, where the user has a value of a fixed set of numerical values linearly arranged with constant Abstënden.

Ansichten

Baumansicht is used to collect data in a tree structure. Example of this is the file system. These nodes can be further nodes and leaves. Leaves are node, the node no further information.
Listenansicht is used by several elements. It is possible to select multiple columns and graphics for the elements firmly.

Dialogues

During the dialogue and interaction management, the intuitive operation of the user support:
Ideally, the user should be to him on the screen just as well-known symbols real objects can be manipulated.
Where object-action principle: Only select object, then the object for the kinds of actions an action.
Order input masks in traditional programs will be rigidly set, the program guides the user that he has less Freihieten.